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Cancer prevention; Global health; World Health Organization; International health policy; Non-communicable diseases; Cancer control strategies

Introduction

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly one in six deaths globally. As the burden of cancer continues to grow especially in low- and middle-income countries comprehensive, coordinated, and evidence-based prevention strategies are essential [1]. Recognizing the global nature of the challenge, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies have developed a range of frameworks and action plans aimed at reducing cancer incidence and mortality through prevention, early detection, and health system strengthening [2]. This review explores the global landscape of cancer prevention by assessing key international initiatives, with a particular focus on WHO-led programs such as the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer [3]. It also highlights the role of collaborative efforts among nations, NGOs, and healthcare systems in shaping and implementing effective cancer prevention strategies. By evaluating successes, gaps, and future directions, this review aims to provide insights into how global health governance can better respond to the complex, multifactorial nature of cancer prevention in diverse populations [4].

Discussion

The escalating global cancer burden underscores the urgent need for effective, scalable, and equitable prevention strategies. The World Health Organization (WHO), alongside international partners, has made significant strides in formulating frameworks that aim to address cancer as part of a broader non-communicable disease (NCD) agenda [5]. Initiatives such as the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs (2013–2020) and the updated roadmap for 2023–2030 emphasize the importance of addressing modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful alcohol consumption core elements also central to cancer prevention [6].

Despite global consensus on the importance of preventive strategies, the implementation and impact of these action plans vary widely across countries. High-income countries generally show greater progress due to better infrastructure, stronger health systems, and dedicated cancer registries [7]. In contrast, low- and middle-income countries often face barriers such as limited funding, weak surveillance systems, inadequate workforce capacity, and competing health priorities. This inequity highlights the need for greater international collaboration, resource allocation, and context-specific interventions that consider local epidemiology and sociocultural factors [8].

The WHO's leadership in creating unified cancer prevention frameworks has been instrumental in shaping national policies. However, translating these policies into effective, on-the-ground interventions remains a challenge. Integration of cancer prevention into primary health care, community-based health promotion, and education campaigns can improve reach and sustainability. Furthermore, strengthening cancer surveillance and data collection systems is essential for tracking progress and informing evidence-based decision-making [9]. Another critical area is the alignment of global efforts with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 3.4, which aims to reduce premature mortality from NCDs by one-third by 2030. Achieving this target will require a shift from reactive treatment models to proactive prevention, supported by cross-sectoral partnerships, public awareness campaigns, and investment in preventive health infrastructure. In summary, while WHO and international action plans provide a strong foundation for global cancer prevention, their success depends on context-specific implementation, sustainable funding, political commitment, and equitable access to preventive services. Bridging these gaps is essential to reduce the global cancer burden and promote long-term health equity [10].

Conclusion

Cancer prevention is a cornerstone of global health strategies aimed at reducing the rising burden of non-communicable diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) and international partners have developed comprehensive frameworks that emphasize risk reduction, early detection, and health system strengthening. These initiatives have laid a solid foundation for global action, providing countries with structured guidance to shape national policies and prioritize cancer prevention within their healthcare agendas. However, despite these advances, disparities in implementation persist, especially in low- and middle-income regions where resources are limited and health infrastructures are often underdeveloped. To close these gaps, there is a pressing need for sustained investment, capacity building, and international collaboration. Strengthening surveillance systems, improving access to preventive services, and fostering culturally relevant public health messaging are key to translating global frameworks into meaningful outcomes. Ultimately, cancer prevention must be recognized not only as a medical imperative but also as a global development priority. By reinforcing the connection between prevention and long-term health system sustainability, the international community can better equip all nations to combat cancer effectively. Continued commitment to global frameworks, guided by equity, innovation, and integration, will be essential in driving progress toward a cancer-resilient future.

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