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Abstract

Fungal infections have increasingly become a significant public health concern, particularly affecting immunocompromised individuals, patients with chronic diseases, and those undergoing invasive medical procedures. Antifungal agents are essential for the effective management of these infections, which can range from superficial conditions to life-threatening systemic diseases. This article provides a comprehensive overview of antifungal agents, classifying them into major categories, including polyene antibiotics, azoles, echinocandins, allylamines, and flucytosine, each with distinct mechanisms of action targeting fungal cells. While antifungal therapies have significantly improved patient outcomes, the emergence of antifungal resistance poses a formidable challenge, driven by factors such as the overuse of antifungals and the intrinsic resistance of certain fungi. Mechanisms of resistance include alterations in drug targets, the activity of efflux pumps, and biofilm formation, complicating treatment strategies. Future directions in antifungal therapy focus on the development of novel agents with unique mechanisms, combination therapies to enhance efficacy, and personalized medicine guided by genetic and molecular diagnostics. Additionally, ongoing research into antifungal vaccines holds promise for preventive strategies against common fungal pathogens.