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Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental pollutants with potential toxicological risks to human health and ecosystems. Their small size, diverse chemical composition, and ability to adsorb hazardous contaminants raise concerns regarding their bioavailability and toxicity. Recent advances in detection technologies, such as spectroscopic and imaging techniques, have improved the identification and quantification of MPs in biological and environmental samples. However, challenges remain in standardizing methodologies for accurate exposure assessment. Toxicity studies suggest that MPs can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and neurotoxicity, with effects varying based on particle size, shape, and chemical composition. Risk assessment frameworks are evolving to incorporate these findings, but uncertainties persist regarding chronic exposure effects and long-term health implications. This review explores the latest advancements in microplastic detection, toxicological mechanisms, and risk assessment strategies, emphasizing the need for regulatory policies and future research directions to mitigate potential hazards.