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Abstract

Drug metabolism and toxicity play a critical role in determining the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds. Metabolism, primarily occurring in the liver through enzymatic processes such as oxidation, reduction, and conjugation, transforms drugs into active or inactive metabolites. While metabolism aids in drug clearance, it can also produce toxic byproducts that contribute to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Understanding the factors influencing drug metabolism—including genetic polymorphisms, age, disease states, and drug-drug interactions—is essential for optimizing pharmacotherapy. Additionally, toxicological assessments, including in vitro and in vivo models, help identify potential risks associated with new drugs before clinical application. This review explores the mechanisms of drug metabolism, highlights key metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450, and discusses strategies to mitigate druginduced toxicity. Advancements in pharmacogenomics and predictive toxicology offer promising avenues for improving drug safety and individualized treatment approaches.