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Abstract

Biophysical techniques play a pivotal role in understanding molecular interactions, offering detailed insights into the structure, dynamics, and function of biological macromolecules. These methods provide high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution, enabling researchers to investigate interactions at the molecular and atomic levels. This manuscript reviews some of the most widely used biophysical techniques, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), fluorescence spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Each method's principles, applications, and limitations are discussed, along with examples of how they contribute to various fields such as drug discovery, structural biology, and molecular pharmacology. We also examine the integration of these techniques to enhance the depth of data obtained, illustrating their combined potential for elucidating complex biological processes.