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Abstract

Airborne pollutants, particularly those contributing to acid rain, have emerged as a significant threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. Acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) emissions, leads to soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and tree health deterioration. This study examines the ecological and toxicological consequences of acid rain on forest ecosystems, emphasizing soil chemistry alterations, biodiversity loss, and physiological stress in trees. The findings highlight the need for stringent pollution control measures and sustainable forest management practices to mitigate the adverse effects of acid rain.