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Abstract

Mucosal immunopathology encompasses a multifaceted interplay between the immune system and mucosal surfaces, which are critical interfaces for host defense and tolerance. Understanding the intricate dynamics of immune responses at mucosal interfaces is essential for deciphering the pathogenesis of various diseases, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and allergic reactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing mucosal immunopathology, highlighting the pivotal roles of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), epithelial cells, innate immune cells, and adaptive immune responses. Key concepts such as mucosal barrier function, immune tolerance, and dysregulation of mucosal immunity are explored in the context of infectious diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, and other mucosal disorders. Furthermore, advances in mucosal immunology research, including the identification of tissue-resident memory T cells and the role of the microbiota in shaping mucosal immune responses, are discussed. Insights into the complex crosstalk between the microbiota, epithelial cells, and immune cells provide new perspectives on therapeutic interventions targeting mucosal immunopathology. Overall, this review underscores the importance of elucidating the intricate dynamics of immune responses at mucosal interfaces to develop effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of mucosal diseases.