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Abstract

Neuroepigenetics explores how environmental factors influence gene expression in the brain without altering DNA sequences, playing a crucial role in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Environmental pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, air pollutants, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can induce epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA alterations, leading to neurotoxic effects. These epigenetic changes contribute to cognitive dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and increased susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity is essential for identifying biomarkers of exposure, developing preventive strategies, and guiding regulatory policies. This review highlights recent findings on the epigenetic impact of environmental toxicants on brain health, discusses potential therapeutic interventions, and underscores the need for further research in neuroepigenetic toxicology.