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Abstract

Bladder cancer treatment has evolved significantly, transitioning from conventional chemotherapy to advanced targeted therapies. While platinum-based chemotherapy remains the standard for metastatic disease, limitations such as resistance and toxicity have driven the development of novel approaches. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has shown promise in improving survival outcomes for patients with advanced bladder cancer. Additionally, targeted therapies, including FGFR inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates, are expanding treatment options for patients with specific genetic alterations. Personalized medicine, biomarker-driven therapies, and combination regimens are shaping the future of bladder cancer management. This review explores the current landscape of bladder cancer therapies, highlighting emerging treatments and their impact on patient outcomes.