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Abstract

Pharmacogenomics plays a pivotal role in modern drug development by enabling a personalized approach to medicine based on genetic variability in drug response. By studying how genetic differences influence drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity, pharmacogenomics helps optimize treatment regimens, minimize adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and improve therapeutic outcomes. Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics have facilitated the identification of genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and receptors, such as CYP450 enzymes, ABC transporters, and VKORC1. These discoveries have led to the development of targeted therapies and dose-adjustment strategies that enhance drug safety and efficacy. Moreover, pharmacogenomics is revolutionizing clinical trial design by enabling stratification of patient populations, leading to more precise and efficient drug approvals. Despite these advancements, challenges such as regulatory hurdles, cost implications, and the integration of pharmacogenomic data into routine clinical practice remain. This review explores the impact of pharmacogenomics on drug development, highlighting key genetic markers, emerging technologies, and future directions in the field.